1. Peptic ulcer
- 定義:因胃酸造成的黏膜與黏膜下層損傷
- 胃酸分泌相關
- 迷走神經(↑50%胃酸)--> Ach
- antrum(↑40%胃酸)--> G cell--> gastrin
- -->主細胞:pepsinogen
- -->壁細胞:H+(活化pepsinogen,和gastrin負回饋拮抗)
- histamine(↑10%胃酸,paracrine)
- 其他刺激因子:蛋白質、胃壁撐開、Ca2+、腎上腺素、酒精
- 常見位置:最多在duodenum 1st portion(前壁穿孔/後壁出血:GDA),至於胃本身95%在小彎(70% at antrum)
- 胃潰瘍分類
- type 1(55%): antrum/less curvature交界,僅在胃本體
- type 2(25%): 同上,但包括十二指腸
- type 3(15%): pre-pylorus
- type 4(5%): EG junction
- 其中type 1, 4 胃酸正常,但黏膜抵抗力太遜
- 惡性比例:針對gastric ulcer,惡性比例大概10%,需要切片檢查
- 治療:藥物治療再發率5%
- triple therapy * 2 wks (PPI+ amoxiciilin+ clarithromycin)
-------------------------if bleeding - check surgical red flags, monitor hemodynamics(including vital signs)
- NG cold water lavage
- PPI/H2 blocker
- fluid supplement, even blood transfusion
- endoscope: ephedrine, sclero-agent, electro-cauterization
- surgery(出血:縱切橫縫+/-迷走神經切除術)
- 難以控制:用抗生素+8 wks H2 blocker or 6wks PPI 依然復發或沒效
- Surgical indications
- 出血(最常見、最易致死,緊急:24hr需要輸血超過6U)
- 穿孔
- 阻塞(超過7天)
- 藥物也難以控制的潰瘍性疼痛
- Endoscope for bleeding of peptic ulcer(最有效的診斷工具!)
- low BP
- hemoptysis
- >60 yrs old
- comorbidities
- fail to response to NG lavage
- PPU
- 好發:十二指腸1st portion前壁、胃antrum前壁
- 症狀:嚴重腹痛(acid-->chemical peritonitis)
12~14小時過後變成bacterial peritonitis - 檢查:X光看到free gas的比例約80%
- 治療:補充液體、穩定hemodynamics、給抗生素--> 開刀
- 不開刀的情境:超過24小時(被大網膜包覆,給水溶性顯影劑沒有外滲)
- 手術解剖
- subtotal: remove antrum(G cell)+ partial 胃體(壁細胞)
- Billroth II gastrojujenostomy
- Billroth I gastroduodenostomy
- vagotomy(total;partial/highly selective)+ antrectomy+/- pyeloplasty
- 肇因:休克、sepsis(1/3)、燒傷(Curling ulcer)、head injury(Cushing ulcer攻擊因子強+防禦因子弱)
- Prophylaxis: sucralfate, H2 blocker
- 治療:同peptic ulcer
3. Ulcer-->Cancer
- 診斷分類
- adenocarcinoma 93%: satiety(最早), anorexia(最常見), body weight loss
- lymphoma 5%:胃痛
- leiomyosarcoma 2% (肌肉層): 出血,經血液轉移
p.s. 最常見的良性腫瘤--> leiomyoma,和leiomyosarcoma 合稱 GIST,源 自stromal stem cell,胃占2/3,90% benign - Bormann分類
- I: 蕈狀
- II: 邊界清晰的ulcer
- III: 邊界模糊的ulcer
- IV: diffuse皮革胃
- 病理分類
- signet ring cell type (較多)
- intestinal type
- 好發位置:antrum(50%),整體發生率下降,但在cardia的愈來愈多
- 平均年紀:63歲,男>女,A型>O型
- 風險因子
- H. pylori感染(影響胃體、antrum,不包括cardia):慢性胃炎、PU、胃癌(adenocarcinoma/MALToma=extranodal maginal B cell lymphoma)
- 腺瘤性息肉
- 少吃蔬菜、高澱粉飲食、食入硝化胺等
- 低社經地位
- 胃炎(自體免疫/感染)、胃切除-->stump產生CA、惡性貧血
- 預後
- early CA(Japan- 50%, USA- 20%): 五年存活率95%
- advanced CA: T2以上(含),侵犯肌肉層
- 檢查:endoscope biopsy/ EUS
- 治療
- 手術,近端margin 5~7cm, 遠端margin 距幽門3~4cm
- 重建(Y loop> B II)
- 引流(拔除目標:放置兩周、20 c.c. 以下、顏色淡黃清澈)
- open resection+ bypass
- palliative resection
- bypass only
- chemo: 5-FU
- radiotherapy
- 手術後遺症
- dumping syndrome:應該少量多餐、先固體後液體、避免全糖、給予somatostatin
- reflux gastritis:膽汁逆流,必須做long limb Y loop
- afferent loop obstruction: 不吐膽汁,必須做duodenojujenostomy
- efferent loop obstruction: 吐膽汁,與一般腸阻塞雷同
- diarrhea after vagotomy(20%): 機制不明,給抗腹瀉藥物,避免乳糖飲食
- 缺B12/鐵: intrinsic factor/ Fe3+-->Fe2+↓
- 缺鈣:十二指腸細菌增生,吸收能力變差
- marginal ulcer at jejunal side
- due to incomplete vagotomy (Ach↑)
- due to inadequate drainage--> stretch of stomach--> 胃酸增加
- 胃切不夠多--> gastrin↑
- afferent loop太長(鹼性濃度不夠)
4. 胃淋巴結
p.s. 脾動脈--> 分支短胃動脈
- Group 1: LN 3,4,5,6,切除group 1 稱為R1 resection(胃癌常規)
- Group 2: LN 1,7,8,9,切除group 2 稱為R2 resection(胃癌常規)
- Group 3: 切除非常規
- 姑息性切除=不切淋巴
- T1 中有LN: 10%
5. Acute abdomen
- 小朋友/中壯年:appendicitis> non-specific(virus, IBS)
- 老年人:cholecystitis> appendicitis> intestinal obstruction> peptic ulcer
- 最容易誤診:appendicitis、PID、mesenteric adenitis、gastroenteritis
- 影像診斷:abdomen plain film, erect CXR--> U/S, CT--> endoscope, barium etc. (若懷疑PPU不可做barium, sigmoid endoscope)
- 個論
- appendicitis
- 終生發生率1/10,25歲以前M:F=2:1,之後1:1
- 成因為submucosal LN(60%)/fecalith impaction(30%)
- 6hr發炎、12hr化膿、24hr壞蛆破掉
- 菌叢:bacteroid fragilis, E.coli
- 症狀:臍周圍T8~T10大內臟神經疼痛-->n/v-->RLQ (McBurney's point)pain,可測試Rovsing's sign, psoas sign, obturator sign
- DDx: ureter stone, pyelonephritis, PID(diagnostic laparoscopy)
- 治療:手術、引流、抗生素(有capsule可先給anti+ drain, 6~12wks後再OP)
- Accuracy(PPV): 85%, rupture rate: 25%(worse for elderly),死亡率平均1/1000↓
- complications: infection(3~4.7%, worse if ruptured)
- 懷孕+appendicitis: 發生率與大眾相同,應盡速手術,胎兒死亡率才能下降(破了-->1/3胎死)
- 偶然發現的appendicitis: Crohn's disease, post-radiation, immune↓的話不要手癢拿掉appen
- Intestinal obstruction
- 成因
- 小腸:adhesion(50~70%, post-op終生沾黏率約5%)、incarcerated hernia、intestinal intussusception(小兒)
- 大腸:colon cancer, fecal impaction(小兒)
- 症狀
- obstipation(無排便無排氣)+abdominal pain+relative Hx
- red flag: focal peritoneal sign, fever, tachycardia, hypotension, WBC>15000, metabolic acidosis--> OP!
- 分類
- 機械性-simple or strangulated(focal ischemia)
- 麻痺性-peritonitis, anticholinergic medications
- complete or incomplete obstruction: 以是否strangulated來區分
- 影像診斷(https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/abdo/abdomen_x-ray_abnormalities/pathology_small_bowel_obstruction)
- 治療
- 觀察(2~3天為上限)
- antibiotics+開刀
- NPO+fluid resuscitation+NG decompression
- 死亡率
- 沒有strangulation: 2%
- 有strangulation且36hr內開刀:8%
- 有strangulation,>36hr才開刀: 30%
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